The global inequitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines has spotlighted the urgent need for localized vaccine manufacturing capacity in Africa. This presentation explores strategic pathways to achieve cost-effective vaccine production on the continent, focusing on key drivers such as labor, facility scale, and innovative technologies. Through a series of theoretical analyses developed in partnership with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, we examine the commercial feasibility of African vaccine manufacturing and the potential for new market entrants. The presentation highlights the importance of strategic investments in technology and workforce development, emphasizing the role of collaboration among stakeholders to build a sustainable and competitive vaccine manufacturing ecosystem.